Difference between revisions of "History of Computers - Patent of Semi-Conductors"

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==Intro==
 
==Intro==
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1900-1940
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By patenting the semiconductor, inventors were able to make technological advances, such as the chip.
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
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The patent for the semicondutor transitor was established in 1926. A patent, which are sets of exclusive rights given to the inventor for a period of time for a public disclosure of the invention, was put on the semi-conductor, which is the intermediate between an insulator and a conductor which has electrical conductivity, because of the flow of electrons. By patenting the semiconductor, inventors were able to make technological advances, such as the chip.  
+
The patent for the semicondutor transistor was established in 1926. A patent, which is a set of exclusive rights given to the inventor for a period of time for a public disclosure of the invention, was put on the semi-conductor, which is the intermediate between an insulator and a conductor which has electrical conductivity because of the flow of electrons. By patenting the semiconductor, inventors were able to make technological advances, such as the chip. The semiconductor became a vital piece of equipment because the vacuum tubes which were used before the semiconductor were too big and took too much energy to run. In order to control electrons in solid materials, scientists thought about using metals and semiconductors. Because the transistors were so small they were used for the advancement of technology by improving electronics. The invention of integrated circuits came later when Kilby realized that the entire circuit could be built out of a single crystal. At the same time Robert Noyce created an idea of combining all the parts through "unitary circuits." Noyce was the first to establish a patent for the integrated circuit but both are recognized for coming up with the idea today. Read more about semi-conductors at [[History_of_Computers_-_Solid_State_Drive|Solid State Drive]].
  
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First there were transitors--- then there were integrated circuits
 
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"In 1906 the American physicist Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube triode which was the first three terminal device and enabled amplification and switching of electrical signals. "The vacuum tube helped push the development of telephony, radio and computers forward a great deal. However, the metal that emitted electrons in the vacuum tubes burned out. The tubes were too big, not reliable and required so much power that big and complicated circuits took too much energy to run. In the late 1940's, big computers were built with over 10,000 vacuum tubes and occupied over 93 square meters of space. "
 
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because vaccuum tubes so big-->"three terminal devices. Instead of using electrons in vacuum, scientists began to consider how one might control electrons in solid materials, like metals and semiconductors. "
 
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already knewin 1920's: 'two terminal device by making a point contact between a sharp metal tip and a piece of semiconductor crystal. These point-contact diodes were used to rectify signals, and make simple AM radio receivers '
 
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later: "However, it took many years before the three terminal solid state device - the transistor - was discovered.
 
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The transistor was invented in 1947 by three American physicists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain. "
 
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Led to further invention: "The transistor proved to be a viable alternative to the vacuum tube. Transistors played a pivotal role in the advancement of electronics - their small size, low heat generation, high reliability, and small power requirements made possible the miniaturization of complex circuitry such as required by computers. During the late 1960's and 1970's individual transistors were superseded by integrated circuits in which a multiple of transistors and other components (diodes, resistors, etc.) were formed on a single tiny wafer of semi conducting material. "
 
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invention of IC -"It suddenly occurred to him that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon. " "At the time, nobody was making capacitors or resistors out of semiconductors. If it could be done then the entire circuit could be built out of a single crystal -- making it smaller and much easier to produce"-Kilby
 
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"He also realized a whole circu
 
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it could be made on a single chip. While Kilby had hammered out the details of making individual components, Noyce thought of a much better way to connect the parts."" "unitary circuits" and they also applied for a patent on the idea"-Noyce
 
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summary: "All that detail paid off. On April 25, 1961, the patent office awarded the first patent for an integrated circuit to Robert Noyce while Kilby's application was still being analyzed. Today, both men are acknowledged as having independently conceived of the idea."
 
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According to two studies by Rosemarie Ziedonis in 2002 states that "a dramatic growth in patenting by semiconductor firms—that outpaces trends in other industries."
 
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"Implications for Dedicated Semiconductor Manufacturers
 
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n Safeguard assets n “exclude before you’re excluded”
 
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n Accumulate more “bargaining chips”
 
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n Improve internal management of patenting process
 
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n Patent Advocacy committees n “Harvest” more latent inventions n Annual goals, awards"
 
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"Summary
 
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n Semiconductor firms do not rely solely on patents to capture returns from their knowledge assets
 
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n Yet few can afford not to patent n Manufacturers: broader, strategic value n Design firms: critical business assets"
 
  
 
==Significance==
 
==Significance==
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The patent on the semiconductor is important because it led to the low cost of manufacturing integrated cirucits which are in the surface of thin substrate of semiconductor materal found in computers as well as other electornic devices.
+
The patent on the semiconductor is important because it led to the transistor, then the low cost of manufacturing integrated circuits, which are in the surface of thin substrate of semiconductor materal found in computers as well as other electornic devices, and then the chip.
−
The patent on the semiconductor is important because by patenting the semiconductor, which means to "set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention." led to the invention of the chip  
+
  
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Benefits of the patent on the semiconductor led to advances of the computer. The patenting the semiconductor led to the invention of the chip.  
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==References==
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http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Modern-Semiconductor-Devices-for-Integrated-Circuits/Chenming-C-Hu/e/9780136085256
  
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SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR INTEGRATED CURCUITS--the book
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http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/events/icinv.html
  
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http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.html
  
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"A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. A monolithic integrated circuit is made of devices manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into a single piece of semiconductor substrate, a chip."
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http://www.techbites.com/200911181127/myblog/articles/z0031-history-of-computers-1926-ad-to-1962-ad-the-first-transistors.html
  
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http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/transistor.html
  
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit <NEED DIFF WEBSITE
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http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/images/Pickard.jpg
  
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==References==
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http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1926-field.html
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http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Modern-Semiconductor-Devices-for-Integrated-Circuits/Chenming-C-Hu/e/9780136085256 --semiconductor devices for integrated curcuits
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http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/events/icinv.html ---invention of integrated curcuit
 
  
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http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.html -- invention of the tranistor
 
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/transistor.html
 
  
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http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/images/Pickard.jpg
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http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/public-sector/3237083/eu-common-patent-plan-faces-legal-setback/
  
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http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1926-field.html
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http://ezinearticles.com/?Electronics-and-Semiconductor-Patents---An-Evolution-Scenario&id=593374
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^computer history museum
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http://www.techbites.com/200911181127/myblog/articles/z0031-history-of-computers-1926-ad-to-1962-ad-the-first-transistors.html
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^history of computers
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Latest revision as of 17:22, 30 September 2010

Intro

By patenting the semiconductor, inventors were able to make technological advances, such as the chip.

Overview

The patent for the semicondutor transistor was established in 1926. A patent, which is a set of exclusive rights given to the inventor for a period of time for a public disclosure of the invention, was put on the semi-conductor, which is the intermediate between an insulator and a conductor which has electrical conductivity because of the flow of electrons. By patenting the semiconductor, inventors were able to make technological advances, such as the chip. The semiconductor became a vital piece of equipment because the vacuum tubes which were used before the semiconductor were too big and took too much energy to run. In order to control electrons in solid materials, scientists thought about using metals and semiconductors. Because the transistors were so small they were used for the advancement of technology by improving electronics. The invention of integrated circuits came later when Kilby realized that the entire circuit could be built out of a single crystal. At the same time Robert Noyce created an idea of combining all the parts through "unitary circuits." Noyce was the first to establish a patent for the integrated circuit but both are recognized for coming up with the idea today. Read more about semi-conductors at Solid State Drive.


Significance

The patent on the semiconductor is important because it led to the transistor, then the low cost of manufacturing integrated circuits, which are in the surface of thin substrate of semiconductor materal found in computers as well as other electornic devices, and then the chip.

References

http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Modern-Semiconductor-Devices-for-Integrated-Circuits/Chenming-C-Hu/e/9780136085256

http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/events/icinv.html

http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.html

http://www.techbites.com/200911181127/myblog/articles/z0031-history-of-computers-1926-ad-to-1962-ad-the-first-transistors.html

http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/transistor.html

Pickard.jpg

http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1926-field.html


External Links

http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/public-sector/3237083/eu-common-patent-plan-faces-legal-setback/

http://ezinearticles.com/?Electronics-and-Semiconductor-Patents---An-Evolution-Scenario&id=593374

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