Difference between revisions of "*History 8 Neolithic Revolution Concepts"

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1. Describe the physical and social changes brought about by the end of the Younger Dryas.

• • The social changes brought about by the Younger Dryas were:
• They lived in the same place all year.
• They had permanent dwellings.
• They cultivated crops of oats, wheat and barley.
• They owned domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs.
• Settlements of villages were created.
• Homo Sapiens were now producing their food, instead of hunting for it. They had domestication.
• There was specification differentiation and stratification within societies.
• The Neolithic people settled near rivers where the soil was rich for farming and animal domestication.
• pg. 52 and 53

2. Describe the role of women in horticultural societies.

• The women planted and harvested the foods such as nuts, berries,and fruits.
• They also dug for roots and tubers.
• The women decided where the pack would go, or whether they would settle.
• they took care of the children and the animals, while the men were out hunting.
• they cultivated the fields.
• They harvested grains and cereal.

info gotten from our Manual and the video in class on 10/16/12, and what Ms. Benniretto said in class on 10/16/12

-Emma Boehme

3. Where and why did the switch from hunting/gathering to plant cultivation and animal husbandry occur. What social change happened?

The switch from hunting/gathering to plant cultivation and animal husbandry occurred in a place where both the Paleolithic hunting and gathering and Neolithic gardening ways of life could exist together at the same time. These places had lands of river masses with rich alluvial soils. The switch occurred because food became available in relative abundance for the first time in thousands of years, and there was no longer a need to travel long distances to find food. Another reason why the switch from hunting/ gathering to plant cultivation and animal husbandry occurred was because of the animals that began appearing in the lives of people. Goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs were all easy to manage within close proximity to their dwellings because the animals had temperaments and dispositions. The transition to horticulture resulted in the settlement of villages around garden plots, and hunting expeditions rarely happened from the settled home basis. One of the social changes that occurred was the control that the men took over of land and animals. The men had a dominent position in society over women which was very different to the previous lifestyle of these people. Women used to own and manage the garden plots, and they also had political power and authority in their society. Another large social change that developed during the switch is the transformation of Homo sapiens from a mere consumer of natural goods to becoming a producer. The developement of "agriculture drastically changed the role of humanity within its environment," along with changing man kind. It involved the rise of more complex human communities and settlements and a demographic increase. This significant switch made the "urban revolution" that was soon to follow very possible.

Sources: CF Manual 52 and 53 and Class Notes on 10/15/12.

-Camila Chabayta 4. What was the role of irrigation in the urban revolution?

Irrigation is the process in which people supply dry land with water. The people needed to use irrigation in order to figure out where to settle down because they needed a water source in the dry land that they lived in. Irrigation had an important role in the urban revolution. In order to make a village, an irrigation project must be conducted. A lot of laborers had to be assembled to make sure that the village would have enough access to the water. This created mental growth because of the increase in political and economic organization. By using irrigation, the people produced more with certainty, and they also had a new way of organization which would help in the future.

Sources: History 8 Manual pgs. 53-54 -By Ellie Davidson

5. Sedentary life had some challenges:

• • a. Disease
  • b. property

• • c. security
  • d. economics

6. Explain the causes of the agrarian transformation.

7. Describe the process of the domestication of plants and animals.

8. Identify and explain two other forms of lifeways at this time.

9. Name and explain the distinguishing characteristics of culture. Be sure to include culture's essential feature?

10. What are systems of meaning? What is the purpose of language and art?.

Language and other forms a of communication, such as art, or gestures allow people the ability to create, explain, and document new pieces of ideas and emotions. Since their birth, people contain the ability to use language. Language is the system that helped to set, store, communicate, and organize A system of meaning is a set of relationships between a set of variables (words, shape, symbols, numbers) and the meanings which are attached to them. A set of meaning is much like the connotation of a word; they both give a frame of reference based on our knowledge about words. Relationships are based on the decisions of the humans who created the language. because of this, there is no particular reason why a long, coiled animal should be regarded as a snake. Meaning Systems are not universal or necessary. For example: A native American may not have known the established meaning of the Earth as 17th century Europeans did, however, they thrived on the Earth the same. The Europeans partly saw the world has a scientific wonder and partly as a moneymaking tool. Native Americans saw the world as a loved one and cherished it and all its facets. Both the groups succeeded in their natural habitat, using their own systems of meaning.

All Notes are taken from Page 59 and 60 of the CF Manual.

Julian Chazz Nicholas Peavy

11. Why is culture learned?

12. What important principles follow from the definition of culture given in the manual?

13. What is the first purpose of a myth?

14. Why is mythology a universal need?

15. What is the second purpose of a myth?

16. What role does mythology play in morality of a culture?

17. Define religion and its characteristics, elements and functions in a society?

18. What were some of the problems of complex societies?

19. From the first source reading,summarize Impact of containers

20. Summarize Impact of domestication of animals

21. From the second source reading, summarize Impact of methods of water management

22. Summarize Impact of growth, populations and food production.

23. Define and give the characteristics of the Fertile Crescent.

24. Summarize Impact of record keeping

25. Summarize Impact of water in Mesopotamia and Babylon

26. Summarize Impact of water in Egypt

27. Summarize Impact of water in Indus River Valley