*History 8 Neolithic Revolution Vocabulary
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Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with CF Manual and page number(s). Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. You may not use Wikipedia as a source. Please sign your entry.
1. Great Ocean Conveyer- The Great Ocean Conveyer belt is a system that moves constantly of deep ocean circulation forced from temperature and salinity. There is motion in the ocean, moving around constantly in the shape of the conveyer belt. This particular motion is driven from the thermohaline currents; thermo meaning temperature and haline meaning salinity. The cold water is more dense than the warm water and stays down at the bottom rather than rising to the surface. This motion and conveyer belt starts where warm water heats the air in the freezing northern latitudes. The warmness that is taken away from the water, keeps the water cool, making it sink to the bottom. As more and more hot water goes north, the cold water sinks and moves south, make room for the incoming hot water. These cold water travel way down south until they are eventually able to warm and rise to the surface, continuing the conveyor belt all the way around the globe as shown in the picture. This cycle takes almost about 1,000 years, and moves the water around the globe.
Sources:
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/conveyor.html
Picture: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/conveyor.html
-Byrn Ledbetter
2. Gardening/Horticulture
A garden is a permanent plot of land used to grow plants. Its being permanent caused early humans to settle down in order to stay close to their food source. This step inevitably lead to the development of villages and small communities. Horticulture is simply a synonym to gardening. It is the use of gardens or fields to grow plants or crops. Some of the first crops grown were simple grains which could be collected abundantly and reproduce easily.
source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/horticulture
Harrison Ray
3. Domestication
The word "domestication" means to tame an animal over generations of breeding so much so that the animals are dependent upon the herders and don't know how to live in the wild.(Better definition "to adapt (an animal or plant) to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans: from Merriman Webster RB) The first animals to be domesticated were goats then sheep and then pigs. the people who herded the goats picked the most aggressive and worst behaved to kill and the tamest to breed. The product of this natural selection lead to goats that had smaller horns and were more obedient. Domestication also caused small communities to come together in order to take care of the animals
picture source: http://kschlegelapwhp2.wikispaces.com/The+Last++Great+Nomadic+Challenges+,+From+Chinggis+Khan+to+Timur
information source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/domestication?s=t
Harrison Ray
4. Capitalism Capitalism is a type of economic system using private or corporate ownership of production and distribution of wealth sometimes state or government owned. in more simple terms the use of money. Although the use of money is not relevant to making social ques with clan members. In present day some people may use the example of stocks or investments because it is a example of setting aside money in a certain corporation and representation of ownership. Sarah Grace Ritter http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capitalism CF Manual pg. 54-55
5. material culture The term "material culture" is often used by archaeologists as a non-specific way to refer to the artifacts or other concrete things left by past cultures. An archaeologist thus can be described as a person who studies the material culture of a past society. A material culture study is something thats based on artifacts and tiles. Material culture simply means everything that people give meaning to in the physical world. For instance cars, clothes, schools, neighborhoods, all of these things are examples of material culture.
http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/g/material_cultur.htm http://ask.reference.com/web?q=What%20Is%20Material%20Culture?&o=100100
6. pattern of subsistence "There are several different ways in which a culture can provide for their subsistence. They can be food foragers, pastoralists, horticulturists, or agriculturists. Each pattern of subsistence has its own level of stratification, settlement patterns, and degree of labor specialization.There are several different ways in which a culture can provide for their subsistence. They can be food foragers, pastoralists, horticulturists, or agriculturists. Each pattern of subsistence has its own level of stratification, settlement patterns, and degree of labor specialization." http://voices.yahoo.com/patterns-subsistence-9279.html Jasmine Williams
7. symbols
Symbols are one of the strongest communication tools. Culture exists because people can understand and interpret symbols. Symbols may have indirect connections to an object, an idea, a feeling, or a behavior. A symbol may also have no connection at all. Allowing people to develop complex ideas, symbols create the ability to exchange those thoughts with others. In modern day, symbols are still extremely powerful such as the Christian Cross, the Star of David, and the American flag. Some symbols can convey negative connotations and create feelings of hate and anger giving extremist a sence or power and belonging. Many symbols may have two or more meanings conveyed by different cultures and different interpretations.
Information Source: http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/default.asp Manual Page: 59
Grace Wilson
8. acculturation
Acculturation is the process in change through customs, artifacts, and beleifs resulting in the contact of two or more cultures. It also refers to the outcomes of these changes. The two types of acculturation are incorporation and direct change. Incorporation is the modification and free borrowing of cultural elements. It occurs when members of different cultures maintain contact and political and social self-determination. Direct change occurs when one group rises above their fellow cultures. This is greatly caused by imperialism.
Information Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/3083/acculturation
Grace Wilson
9. cultural template
Cultural templates are in place before the birth of a child. They represent the culture one grows up in and his culture's impact on one's personality and early life. It is part of every member of every culture, depending not on how they decide to act or on what culture they choose to be a part of later on in life. Every template faces cultural complications. These complications reflect how others look at a member of their cultural or an outside culture.
Information Source: http://www.legendsmiths.com/narosia/quick-start/race-and-culture#TOC-CULTURAL-TEMPLATES
Grace Wilson
10. ideology
Ideology is the body of ideas that people share. Examples of modern day ideology can be found in religious or political views. During the Neolithic Revolution, an ideology could have been the political stance of people during the Revolution. The wealthier the person, the more involved they were politically. The more political people, were supposedly closer to the gods. This idea of connection between wealth and politics was a common way of thinking found during the Revolution. Trevor Watkins said "And the success of their new ideas, new ideology and new symbols was the foundation on which was built their rapid expansion and side-spread adoption." This means that the Neolithic Revolution was successful because of their way of thinking which led to a better lifestyle. Ideology is divided into three categories: beliefs, morality, and ideals.
CF Manual: 60
-Grace Amandes
11. beliefs
A belief is an understanding of how the world works and how people should respond to the actions of their environment and others. Beliefs have to do with domestic life, happiness, sickness, health, making a living, relationships, and death. The Neolithic Revolution began with a huge beneficial environmental change. The ice started to melt and food became available. This environment change caused the people who lived during the Revolution to start farming. This farming is a belief because it is how the people believed was the best way to live their life. During the Neolithic Revolution, burials were often used as religious services. These burials were a belief because it was how the people viewed death and its religious meaning.
CF Manual: 60
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml
-Grace Amandes
12. values - A value is something that guides humans into making the right or wrong decisions. They are principles set by humans, for humans, and they commit us to the choices we make in life. During the Neolithic Revolution, people began to unite through ideology, which is defined as the body of ideas that people share. Values are included in that body of ideas, and as societies began to have values as a group, which helped unite the people together. When groups have the same values, it makes it easier for them to live together, because people who consider the same things important will make good decisions as a group. Values are central, essential qualities and standards for people to live by.
CF Manual: pg. 60
[[1]]
- Libby Carr
13. ideals - An ideal is a quintessential idea that humans can try to achieve throughout their lives. Ideals include traits, role models, a number of items- anything that is a goal for human throughout their lives. Ideals are one third of the body of ideas considered ideology. All humans have goals, goals for the next 10 minutes, or ambitions that stretch all the way through their lives. To excel at something, people need to have an idea of what they want. Their ideal can come from something they've seen, experienced, or simply imagined, and it will motivate a single person or a group to achieve it.
CF Manual: pg. 60
[[2]]
- Libby Carr
14. morality
Morality is a widely upheld moral code which is associated with myth. Myth is the basis of morality. Morality is also necessary for myth. According to Joseph Campbell, when old taboos are proven wrong, societies instantly fall apart if there is not a widespread moral code in the society. In modern societies, old mythological taboos disagree with science, which is expressed by violence, crime, and addictions in modern societies (CF Manual 61). As societies grow, morality becomes associated with religion. This is caused by people throughout history who believe something exists beyond the physical world, and they create religion or a system of beliefs based on morality (CF Manual 62). Morality has also evolved over time, but it is hard to know the exact process because of the many different factors that caused evolution in morality. These included language development, ancestry knowledge, and complex social systems. In addition, many different moral codes existed among early groups of humans. This is because they all had different resource strategies and some were carnivores, some cannibals, and some vegetarians (early origins). These methods of morality and survival would evolve overtime. This represents how morality shaped human history and the affects it had on the evolution of humans
-"CF Manual 61-62"
-http://diver.net/seahunt/p/files/p2phis.htm (Early Origins)
Grayson Christ
15. taboo
A taboo is a ban or prohibition of something such as a law. A taboo also usually carries a strong connotation which relates it's use to societies (CF manual 61). In addition, taboo can also be a system or a practice in which certain objects or ideas are put into the category of sacred and are forbidden to general use. This type of taboo is present in many different religions around the world (taboo). Overall, taboo is a term for words, action, or ideas that are banned or thought down upon by a group or culture (taboo).
- http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/taboo (taboo)
-"CF Manual 61"
Grayson Christ
16. band
A band is a division of a nomadic tribe or a group of individuals who move and camp together and live by hunting and gathering. Climate change caused the Natufians to increase the population. The growth of population caused hunting bands to move into territories where there was not much population. They lived as hunter-gatherers, collecting plants and taking animals from their environment. This group of people had no leadership and therefore had to decide by group voting. Bands were very developed gardeners. It is thought that they either consciously experimented with planting and nurturing seeds taken from the wilds or they may have accidentally discovered the principles of domestication by observing the growth of seeds dropped near their campsites.
"Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic Revolution." Manual for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Rosie Beniretto and Clay Elliot. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John's School, 2012. 56. Print.
Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Band?s=t>.
17. tribes/chiefdoms
A tribe is any aggregate of people united by ties of descent from a common ancestor, community of customs and traditions, and/or adherence to the same leaders, etc and a chiefdom is the territory or people over which a chief rules. Residents of tribes/chiefdoms commonly practiced horticulture (gardening) or pastoralism (animal herding). Most tribes had equal status. Chiefdoms however, were the first societies to have positions of defined, permanent leadership. Chiefdoms still exist today under some national governments.
Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tribe?s=t>
Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tribe?s=t>
"Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic Revolution." Manual for CUltural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Rosie Beniretto and Clay Elliot. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John's School, 2012. 62. Print.
18. state
A State is a self-governed group of people administered by an official leader. Some of the first major states were in Mesopotamia and Egypt . States have a government along with an established order and security to enforce law. Also the state has the ability to take all territoies and resources in it's zone while also being able to declare war on other nations. All states have social and economic classes. The higher classes have more influence over the state while the lower class have little influence. The most important characteristic of a state is that the people of the state agree on laws that settle disputes.
CF Manual: 62
http://school.eb.com/all/eb/article-9001296?query=state&ct=null
Gregory Estrera
19. nation
A nation is a form of state. When all the citizens of a state speak the same language, have the same ideals, and preform the same rituals it is known as a nation. Although the citizens of a nation have many similarities they do not always have the same ethnicity. For example now the United States has great ethnic diversity. Nations can be very large or very small and they do not have to be a single geographical unit.
CF Manual: 62
http://school.eb.com/all/comptons/article-9276039?query=nation&ct=null
Gregory Estrera
20. bureaucracy
NOUN An administrative system: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials Synonyms: government, administration, civil servise, organization, establishment
http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+bureaucracy&qpvt=define+bureaucracy&FORM=DTPDIA
21. civilization
A highly developed society: a society that has a high level of culture and social organization A advanced development of society: an advanced level of development in society that is marked by complex social and political organization, and material, scientific, and artistic progress Synonyms: society, culture, nation, policy
http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+civilization&qs=n&form=QB
Hank Lasley
