Difference between revisions of "FermiLab team member pages"
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There are four fundamental interactions between particles that cause all forces. | There are four fundamental interactions between particles that cause all forces. | ||
| − | + | ''What's the difference between a force and an interaction?'' | |
A force is the effect on a particle due to the presence of other particles. The interactions of a particle include all the forces that affect it, including decays and annihilations. Particles that carry interactions are called force carrier particles. | A force is the effect on a particle due to the presence of other particles. The interactions of a particle include all the forces that affect it, including decays and annihilations. Particles that carry interactions are called force carrier particles. | ||
| − | + | ''How do matter particles interact?'' | |
Particles often interact without touching. All interactions that affect matter particles are the result of an exchange of force carrier particles, a different type of particle altogether. What we normally think of as forces are actually the effects of force carrier particles on matter particles. | Particles often interact without touching. All interactions that affect matter particles are the result of an exchange of force carrier particles, a different type of particle altogether. What we normally think of as forces are actually the effects of force carrier particles on matter particles. | ||
Because attractive forces can be seen in everyday life with magnets and gravity, the mere presence of one object seems to affect another object. How can two objects affect one another without touching? | Because attractive forces can be seen in everyday life with magnets and gravity, the mere presence of one object seems to affect another object. How can two objects affect one another without touching? | ||
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If a particle absorbs or produces a force carrier particle, the particle itself is affected. | If a particle absorbs or produces a force carrier particle, the particle itself is affected. | ||
| − | + | ''What is the electromagnetic force?'' | |
Electromagnetic force causes like-charged things to repel and oppositely-charged things to attract. Friction and magnetism are caused by the electromagnetic force. | Electromagnetic force causes like-charged things to repel and oppositely-charged things to attract. Friction and magnetism are caused by the electromagnetic force. | ||
For instance, the force that keeps you from falling through the floor is the electromagnetic force that causes the atoms in your feet and the floor to resist displacement. | For instance, the force that keeps you from falling through the floor is the electromagnetic force that causes the atoms in your feet and the floor to resist displacement. | ||
The carrier particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon. Photons of different energies span the electromagnetic spectrum of x-rays, visible light, radio waves, and so forth. Photons have zero mass and always travel at the speed of light, even in a vacuum. | The carrier particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon. Photons of different energies span the electromagnetic spectrum of x-rays, visible light, radio waves, and so forth. Photons have zero mass and always travel at the speed of light, even in a vacuum. | ||
| − | + | ''How do atoms form molecules?'' | |
Charged parts of one atom interact with the charged parts of another atom to bind them together, an effect called the residual electromagnetic force. | Charged parts of one atom interact with the charged parts of another atom to bind them together, an effect called the residual electromagnetic force. | ||
| − | + | ''What binds the nucleus together?'' | |
Why doesn’t the repulsion force of protons cause the nucleus to blow apart? | Why doesn’t the repulsion force of protons cause the nucleus to blow apart? | ||
Quarks have electromagnetic charge and an unrelated charge called color charge. The force between color-charged particles is very strong, so this force is called “strong.” | Quarks have electromagnetic charge and an unrelated charge called color charge. The force between color-charged particles is very strong, so this force is called “strong.” | ||
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Color charge behaves differently than electromagnetic charge. Gluons themselves have color charge, unlike photons which do not have electromagnetic charge. Quarks have color charge, but composite particles made out of quarks have no net color charge because the strong force only affects small quark interactions. | Color charge behaves differently than electromagnetic charge. Gluons themselves have color charge, unlike photons which do not have electromagnetic charge. Quarks have color charge, but composite particles made out of quarks have no net color charge because the strong force only affects small quark interactions. | ||
| − | + | ''How does color charge work?'' | |
Color-charged particles exchange gluons in strong interactions. When two quarks are close to one another, they exchange gluons and create a very strong color force field that binds the quarks together. The force field gets stronger as the quarks get further apart. Quarks constantly change their color charges as they exchange gluons with other quarks. | Color-charged particles exchange gluons in strong interactions. When two quarks are close to one another, they exchange gluons and create a very strong color force field that binds the quarks together. The force field gets stronger as the quarks get further apart. Quarks constantly change their color charges as they exchange gluons with other quarks. | ||
The three color charges have three corresponding anticolor charges. Each quark has one of the three color charges and each antiquark has one of the three anticolor charges. Gluons also carry a color and an anticolor charge. Note: Color charge has nothing to do with the visible colors. | The three color charges have three corresponding anticolor charges. Each quark has one of the three color charges and each antiquark has one of the three anticolor charges. Gluons also carry a color and an anticolor charge. Note: Color charge has nothing to do with the visible colors. | ||
Revision as of 12:43, 13 February 2008
"I know that this is the only group that will get an A." - Mr. Friedman
Contents
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Tim B.
How do we know any of this?
To test theories, physicists put together experiments and use what they already know to find out what they do not know.
1909 atoms= mushy, semi- permeable balls, with bits of charge strewn around them.
Will H.
Clearly the greatest man to set foot on this universe.
There could be more than three physical dimensions that are so small that we cannot perceive them.
Nelly K.
WHAT IS FUNDAMENTAL Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. Quarks and the electron are fundamental and are less than 10E-18 m in diameter. 99.99999999999% of atom is empty space. STANDARD MODEL THEORY: The fundamental particles are 6 quarks, 6 antiquarks, 6 leptons, 6 antileptons, and force carrier particles When a matter particle and antimatter particle meet, they annihilate into pure energy!
Vail K.
Particle Adventure Reading: What Holds the Universe Together?
There are four fundamental interactions between particles that cause all forces.
What's the difference between a force and an interaction? A force is the effect on a particle due to the presence of other particles. The interactions of a particle include all the forces that affect it, including decays and annihilations. Particles that carry interactions are called force carrier particles.
How do matter particles interact? Particles often interact without touching. All interactions that affect matter particles are the result of an exchange of force carrier particles, a different type of particle altogether. What we normally think of as forces are actually the effects of force carrier particles on matter particles. Because attractive forces can be seen in everyday life with magnets and gravity, the mere presence of one object seems to affect another object. How can two objects affect one another without touching? This effect can be attributed to the exchange of force carrier particles. A force carrier particle can only be absorbed or produced by a matter particle which is affected by that particular force. For instance, electrons and protons have electric charge, so they can produce and absorb the electromagnetic force carrier, the photon. Neutrinos, on the other hand, have no electric charge, so they cannot absorb or produce photons. If a particle absorbs or produces a force carrier particle, the particle itself is affected.
What is the electromagnetic force? Electromagnetic force causes like-charged things to repel and oppositely-charged things to attract. Friction and magnetism are caused by the electromagnetic force. For instance, the force that keeps you from falling through the floor is the electromagnetic force that causes the atoms in your feet and the floor to resist displacement. The carrier particle of the electromagnetic force is the photon. Photons of different energies span the electromagnetic spectrum of x-rays, visible light, radio waves, and so forth. Photons have zero mass and always travel at the speed of light, even in a vacuum.
How do atoms form molecules? Charged parts of one atom interact with the charged parts of another atom to bind them together, an effect called the residual electromagnetic force.
What binds the nucleus together? Why doesn’t the repulsion force of protons cause the nucleus to blow apart? Quarks have electromagnetic charge and an unrelated charge called color charge. The force between color-charged particles is very strong, so this force is called “strong.” The strong force holds quarks together to form hadrons. Its carrier particles are called gluons because glue quarks together. Color charge behaves differently than electromagnetic charge. Gluons themselves have color charge, unlike photons which do not have electromagnetic charge. Quarks have color charge, but composite particles made out of quarks have no net color charge because the strong force only affects small quark interactions.
How does color charge work? Color-charged particles exchange gluons in strong interactions. When two quarks are close to one another, they exchange gluons and create a very strong color force field that binds the quarks together. The force field gets stronger as the quarks get further apart. Quarks constantly change their color charges as they exchange gluons with other quarks. The three color charges have three corresponding anticolor charges. Each quark has one of the three color charges and each antiquark has one of the three anticolor charges. Gluons also carry a color and an anticolor charge. Note: Color charge has nothing to do with the visible colors.
Hannah S.
What is the world made of?
Hannah S.
What is the world made of? Fundamental objects: objects that are simple and structureless. Atom made of electrons and nucleus. Nucleus made of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons made of quarks. All are constantly moving
Isaac Z.
All particles behave like waves. If you increase the speed of a particle, you decrease the wavelength. Particle accelerators work by accelerating particle using magnetic fields (read Coulombs Force). To obtain particles to be used for acceleration, we can ionize hydrogen for protons, we can heat metal for electrons (same principle that allows old monitors and old TVs to work). To gain antiparticles, you fire an energetic particle at a target, then an antiparticle/particle pair is created. You can then separate the pair with a magnetic field (They have opposite charges, remember?). Here is an animation that is the easiest way to understand a liner accelerator: http://www.particleadventure.org/frameless/accel_ani.html
Types of Collisions There are two ways to collide particles with an accelerator. You can shot the particles at a fixed target or you can cross two particle beams to create collisions between particles.
Types of Accelerators Linear Accelerators feed particles in one end and accelerate them out the other. Synchrotrons are built in a circle instead of a line.
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