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1. ID Canaan Canaan is the biblical name for the area of ancient Palestine east of the Jordan River. The people that lived in the Levant were the Canaanites. They were a Hebrew people. The Canaanites were driven out of the Levant by the Philistines. The nomads that lived in Canaan were called Canaanites, they were driven out of their home because the Philistines came back after abandoning their old homeland.

Augie Avery

2. ID Sea Peoples

The sea people were a group of people that appeared in the Mediterranean area in about 1200 BC. They conquered all of the major Mediterranean powers besides Phonecia. It is unknown where the sea people came from, but there are a many theories. Some if these theories included that they may have been refugees from fallen cities like Anatolia or the Aegan. Some people even believe that they were from Atlantis.

Sea Peoples major invasions:

•1208 BC King Merneptah of Egypt stopped the Sea Peoples and Libyans at the Nile Delta.

•1180 BC Hitties Empire fell

•1180 BC-1176 BC Levant Empire fell except for the Phonecian cities

•1176 BC Stopped by King Ramses III of Egypt

(sources:notes from class 1/8/13, http://www.phoenician.org/sea_peoples.htm)

-Emma Boehme

3. ID Philistines

4. ID Abraham' Abraham is known as the first patriarch of the Jewish religion. Born in Ur, Abraham had always believed in one God. He soon became a prophet of Yahweh, a regional God. Yahweh told Abraham to do many things, such as moving his family, giving Abraham and Sarah (his wife) a son, changing his name from Abram to Abraham, and then making him sacrifice his son. Abraham was always obedient to Yahweh, so when he was asked to sacrifice his son, it was just a test of his faith in God. For this reason, Abraham was humanity's last chance to have an obedient relationship with God, according to the Bible. Overall, the story of Abraham is about faithfulness and obedience to God.

Ellie Davidson

Sources: Abraham, Manual pg. 107, Judaism: Abraham

Pictures: 1 and 2,

5. ID Yehweh

6. Patriarch

link to new page: http://wiki.sjs.org/wiki/index.php/Patriarch

-Julia Giordano

7. covenant

8. monotheism

Monotheism is the belief that there is only one god (Dictionary.com). Monotheistic religions include Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, and total over 3 billion worshippers. Monotheism started to develop after the fall of Jerusalem. Early Israelites worshipped Yahweh, as well as Ashura, Yahweh's wife, among other gods. When the King of Judah, Josiah, felt threatened by the Assyrians and Egyptians, he united his people under monotheism. To do this, he "found" a book written by Moses, Deuteronomy, which specifically banned worship of Ashura and promoted monotheism. The people united, but monotheism did not yet spread.

Class Video (January 11), Kingdom of David

External Sources: [1] [2]

Futher Exploration: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [3]

Pictures: Monotheism Comic: [[4]] King Josiah: [[5]]

John Kennedy

9. Iron Age

The Iron Age was the age following the Bronze age when people began conventionally using iron in tool and weapon making. It is divided into two parts: Iron Age I, lasting from about 1200 - 950 BC, and Iron Age II, lasting from approximately 1200 - 900 BC. During this period many big changes happened. In the Iron Age I, Israelites, Philistines and Arameans began being identified as people. Egyptian rule in Canaan also collapsed. In the Iron Age II, nation-states rose in the Levant, territory and nationality began being associated with family and town, and, most notably, Nebuchadnezzar destructed Jerusalem and exiled the Jews to Babylon.

Information from Manual pages 104, 108, and 109.

Nina Lahoti

10 ID King Saul

King Saul was a magnificent, but troubled king. One of his first acts of greatness was when he united the people through the profit Samuel. God commanded Saul to obliterate the Philistines, but King Saul refused to do so. Saul went in to Philistine and conquered, but he did not destroy everyone. He took the men as slaves and left the weak ones behind so they could try and rebuild their city. The reason the Assyrians were so powerful was because they destroyed all of their enemies so that they would never have to deal with them again, but Saul did not think that was necessary. Saul sinned against God by not following his orders. Samuel, a profit, was sent by God to find a new king. On his journey he found David, who, at the time, was a shepherd. (Shepherds were the lowest on the social ladder at that time.) When David first came to Israel he played the harp to soothe Saul. Through this, David and Saul became very close, and David was like a son to Saul. David killed Goliath and he became extremely popular with the Israelites. Saul became extremely jealous of David’s fame and attempted to kill David multiple times. He feared that David would take the place of one of his sons for the next king. Those are some reasons why Saul is remembered today. Abigail Moorhead Kingdom of David Video 11. ID King David

The Bible states that the first king of Israel, Saul, died during battle with his greatest enemy, the Philistines. The next king, David, defeats the Philistines unites the two separate states of Judah and Israel with the common goal being to rule over all Israelites. David had the ability to extend the size of the kingdom due to the grand army that he commanded. David's son, Solomon, was given the chance to rule over his united and wealthy kingdom. David is well known for his skills as a warrior and for his love of writing Psalms. As a young boy, he was blessed by the Lord through Samuel and sent to play his harp and soothe the trouble nerves of King Saul. His first great deed was to kill the "Nine Foot Tall" Philistine Goliath. He ruled for about 40 years (1010-970) BCE and paved the way for his son King Solomon to build the Holy Temple.

Information is from CF Manual pages 103-110

Information is also from the website [6]

Awesome Picture From: http://thetestofthecross.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/tempted-but-not-taken/david-and-goliath/

Julian Chazz Nicholas Peavy

12. ID King Solomon

• Parents
  • King Solomon was the son of King David and Bathsheba. Even though Solomon was not the oldest son of David's, in fact, he was King David's tenth son, David promised Bathsheba that Solomon would rule.

• Career
  • Solomon took over for his father at around 967 BCE. Solomon inherited extreme wealth; he ruled over the entire region west of the Euphrates. He also ruled during a peaceful time. At a young age, Solomon grew famous for his wisdom, solving conflicts between townspeople. His first and most famous case involved two women who each claimed that a baby was their own. Solomon solved this case by threatening to cut the baby in half; one women remained indifferent, while the other begged Solomon to let the baby live. Solomon concluded that the women who begged to spare the baby was the mother

• Building
  • Aside from his wisdom, King Solomon is greatly known for his building the temple of god. The temple took seven years to create, and was made of stone, cedar, and contained pure gold embellishments. The temple contained the ten commandments. King Solomon also spent thirteen years building his palace. He also built a city wall.

-Emily Pedrick

Sources http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Solomon.html

http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/solomon.htm

13. ID Kingdom of Israel

Most of the information about the Kingdom of Israel is from the Old Testament, written during King Solomon's reign.Before that, the only history of the Hebrews was what they wrote about themselves, Genesis 12-50. The Hebrews began as pastoral tribes moving through Mesopotamia. Around 1950 BC, Abraham migrated because the region was collapsing. Abraham stopped at Shechem and was visited by Yahweh , who told him all the land would be given to him and his descendants. The base of the Hebrew history was contained in these patriarchal stories. King Saul was appointed in 1020 -1000 BC, but was unpopular by turning him against the heirarchy. In the Iron Age II, nation states rose in the Southern Levant area, under King David and later his son Solomon. Jerusalem became David's both religious and civil capital. Around 930 BCE Israel was divided into Israel in the north and Judah in the South. The northern kingdom of Israel ended around 722 BC, with its capture of Samaria.

Sources: Cultural Foundations Manual pgs. 107-109

[7] http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/israeltext.htm

Arisa Sadeghpour

14. ID Kingdom of Judah

The kingdom of Judah was a biblical state that is very much mentioned in the Old Testament and that was inhabited by the Hebrew people. It was first established when the kingdom of Israel was split in two after the reign of King Solomon, son of David, in 930 BCE. Israel became the half of the land in the north, while Judah became the half of the land in the south. Israel and Judah coexisted as Hebrew kingdoms for 200 years, mainly as allies. Between the years 900 and 750 BCE the biblical states in the Levant area, including Judah and Israel, developed centralized governments. Though Judah thrived as a kingdom, through its technology and its strong government, it eventually succumbed to the power of the Assyrians. The king of Judah, Hezekiah, refused to pay tribute to the Assyrian Empire, and started a revolt between 715 and 686 BCE. The Assyrians armies swept through Judah and crushed the revolt. The Assyrians then exiled the ruling class across the Assyrian empire.

Sources: CF Manual pg. 109

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Kingdoms1.html

Picture: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Kingdoms1.html

Sam Schneider

15. Exile

The Exile is a period of Hebrew hisotry lasting from 586BCE - ~538 BCE in which the remaining Hebrew tribes were exiled to Babylon. The king of Judah, which was the remaining southern kingdom of the Hebrews after the northern ten tribes were conquered by Assyria, rebelled against Babylon and its king, Nebuchadnezzar II. The rebellion ended with the Babylonians as victors. Jerusalem and the First Temple were destroyed, and the remaining Hebrews were exiled/taken to Babylon. It was in this period that the first form of the Bible wasa written, in order to preserve their history and understand why they were in Exile. The Exile ended when Cyrus the Great conquered Babylonia and sent all of the captives home with money to rebuild.

Sources:

Cultural Foundations Manual page 102

Encyclopedia Brittanica: [8]

Jewish Virtual Library: [9]

Austin Schultz

16. Id effects of Babylonian Captivity

Babylonian captivity refers to the Babylonian exile of Jews in the Kingdom of Judah to captivity in Babylon. The effects that the Babylonian captivity had on the Jews was heavily recognized in political stance. When exiled, the rulers of Judah and its people were forced to end political independence as well as the state of being in an Iron Age. Since place, royalty, and deity are all factors in Judaism, when the exile occurred, the Jews had to rebuild their temples and places of worship.

[[10]]

Jaelynn Walls 1/8/13

17. Anatolia

Anatolia, which is now part of modern day Turkey is very barren, with a central plateau surrounded by the Taurus Mountains. The climate is extremely cold in the winter and hot in the summer. There are few rivers in the region as well, yet is has been a major land bridge between Europe and Asia for nations for over six thousand years. It is also known as the Asia Minor because it resembled the larger continent of Asia. ^[1] Many important peoples have inhabited the region, such as the Hittites, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, and the Romans. Many trade routes from Europe to Asia passed though Anatolia. Copper implements are found in Anatolia from around 7000 BC. Bronze is used in the 3rd millennium BC and iron is first worked here, in about 1500 BC. One of the most important cities in Anatolia is the city of Troy. Troy was ideally placed to prosper from trade, being on the north-south sea link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and on the east-west land route between Asia and Europe. ^[2] Another city, Istanbul was also very important in the trading market. Overall, Anatolia has been a very important part of Mesopotamian history, as it has both helped shape and cause the collapse of ancient empires.

To see picture, click on Link: http://wiki.sjs.org/wiki/index.php/Anatolia ^[3]

Sources:

1. ↑ CF Manual Pg. 118
2. ↑ http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab64
3. ↑ http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-676/Anatolia-and-northern-Syria-1180-BC-to-the-6th-century

By Jeffrey Wang

18. Decalogue

The Decalogue is a piece of literature of the Old Testament, which was given by God Himself, through Moses, to the people of Israel, and was destined to shape the morals of society. The Decalogue, also known as the Ten Commandments, constitutes the ethical code by which the human race is guided: to believe in the true God, and to sustain the godly society in the attainment and application of God's will on earth. The Decalogue comes from the Hebrew Bible. These commandments are recorded in two different biblical chapters, Exodus 20:1-17 & Deuteronomy 5:6-21, however each text is slightly different, and neither passage explicitly numbers the commandments one through ten. There are actually more than ten imperative verbs, around fifteen, in each of these texts. Several other biblical passages refer to the ten words or ten statements that God gave to Moses. Many Christians believe that the Decalogue forms the core of God's Law. However, these are not the only commandments contained in the Hebrew Bible. The Torah contains a total of 613 commandments, mitzvot. In Jewish understanding, all 613 mitzvot are equally important, so the Decalogue is not really considered the core.

Sophie Worscheh

Sources: http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Decalogue.htm http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7115

19. prophet A prophet is a person chosen to speak for God or a servant of God. Examples of prophets are Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, the four major prophets of the Bible.

Sources: [11] [12]

-Alden Arnold

20. Torah The Torah containing the five books of the Hebrew bible that are said to have been given to Moses by G-d. It has the biblical laws of Judaism. Infromation from: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/The_Written_Law.html TO learn more you can also go to: http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/torah.htm -Lauren Biegel 21. biblia

Biblia is the Latin word for Bible. The Bible is the collection of writings that have a religious importance in both Judaism and Christianity.

Biblia includes the Torah, or Old Testament, the writings of the Prophets, the New Testament, and the Apocrypha.

The word biblia derives from the city of Byblos, an ancient Phoenician port.

Sources:

Beniretto, Rosie, and Clay Elliott, comps. Manual for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Vol. 2. Houston: St. John's School, 2013. 112. Print.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bible

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64396/Bible

Jonathan Bloom

22. Id Ezekiel

Ezekiel was a priest who lived in Tel Abib, Babylon around with the people exiled from Jerusalem. In 592 B.C., when he was 30 years old, he was called upon by G-d to become a prophet when he saw a vision of G-d riding in a chariot. He was told to foretell G-d's faithfulness and fulfillment of promises. He also foretold the destruction of Jerusalem, which came true. In Ezekiel's Bibliceal foretelling of the fall of Tyre, he reviewed the scope of Phoenician trade and mentioned Tyrian purple dye, silver, iron, tin, lead, horses, ebony, ivory, linen, coral, honey, spices, oil, and precious stones. Many of Ezekiel's prophecies and visions are recorded in the Book of Ezekiel in the Bible.

Sources:

Manual Page 111

http://www.biblenotes.net/ezekiel.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05737b.htm

http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20010708.htm

Portrait of Ezekiel:

[[13]]

Gwendelyn Butler

23. ID Byblos

Byblos is a Phoenician city that is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in present day Lebanon. Historians believe that Byblos was the first main city of the Phoenician empire. This ancient city was at its peak at about 3000 BC, when it was a trading port. Materials would travel by ship to and from this center of trade by the Mediterranean. The main export of Byblos was fuel, mostly wood and oil because these were readily available in this area of the Middle East. Byblos would trade these items and many more for things such as gold, papyrus, linen, and alabaster. Byblos remained an important trading city until about 1000 BC. Byblos' biggest contribution was the creation of the first alphabet. This helped people from different countries communicate more easily. Traders used this a lot to keep records. This alphabet was improved by the Greeks. Byblos is a very important city in the history of the Near East.

Sources: CF Manual page 112

For more information, click on the link on Byblos.

Cam Cook

24. ID Sidon

25. ID Tyre