View source for Politically Influential Music of the 1960s

== Summary ==

== '''Folk Music''' ==

=== Origins ===
Causal Factors:

The 1960's were a time of significant change in America, a rebellion against the more traditional ways of the past--a rebellion that was uniquely reflected in and influenced by the emergent folk music of the decade. The resurgence of folk music popularity during the 1960's in this social context is both paradoxical and logical. While musicians strove to maintain a strong connection with traditional American musical structures, they also used their music as a tool to promote the revolutionary ideas that were being discussed among a generation of well-educated youth.  <br/> 
Some of the developments of the folk music movement can be traced back to the 1950's. With the threat of a nuclear war lurking in the back of American consciousness, the government was forced to present an image of unity in the face of Russian opposition, leading to "a dull brown fog of conformity that had hung over the Eisenhower years." <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 15. </ref> The events that occurred in 1960 set an ominous tone for the decade: the constant threat of nuclear annihilation posed by brinksmanship, the U2 incident, and the growing unresolved racial tensions. Such events indicated to some Americans that blind obedience and conformity to the government would not suffice to eliminate the chaos and turmoil of the age. <br/>
From this climate arose the folk music movement: a movement composed of "a left-leaning assemblage of mystic ramblers [and] freethinkers" seeking a rebellion with "its roots firmly planted in ''causes'', from political and racial freedom to the freedom just to ramble." <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 17. </ref> Folk musicians became the intellectual literary leaders of their era and attempted to express their desperate idealism and frustration with authority through music. <br/> 
The resurgence of folk music's popularity occurred from 1960 to 1963, a period that coincides almost perfectly with President Kennedy's term of office. The folk music movement followed the same trends set by Kennedy in his inauguration speech and his New Frontier: pursuit of democracy and freedom (ideally through peaceful means), protection of essential human rights, a turnover in power to a younger group of leaders, and a sense of entitlement that carried over to the newly empowered youth of the 1960's. Folk music became a highly influential form of intellectual expression-- "Never before, or since, has the common denominator of a popular art form been raised to such elitist levels." <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 60. </ref> (COMMENT: DOINA: INTERESTING ASSESTION. HOW DOES ONE MEASURE THIS?)

=== Chronology === (COMMENT: DOINA: THE LIST OF SONGS IS HELPFUL BUT FALLS SHORT UNLESS THE READER IS FAMILIAR WITH THE CONTENT)
*'''1958''': Kingston Trio releases "Tom Dooley" <ref> "The Kingston Trio". <u> The Kingston Trio </u>. 22 Aug. 2005. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.kingstontrio.com/content/the_trio1.htm>. </ref>

*'''1961''': Joan Baez releases "Joan Baez, Vol. 2" <ref> "Joan Baez: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/joanbaez/discography>. </ref>

*'''1962''': Bob Dylan releases "Bob Dylan" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref> <br/> Pete Seeger releases "The Bitter and The Sweet", which contains the folk anthem ''Where Have All the Flowers Gone''? <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984. </ref><br/> Peter, Paul and Mary release "Peter, Paul and Mary" <ref> "Peter, Paul and Mary: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/peterpaulandmary/discography>. </ref>

*'''1963''': Bob Dylan releases "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref> <br/> Dylan refuses to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show when he was prohibited from performing "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues" <ref> Simon, Ron. "The Ed Sullivan Show". <u> The Museum of Broadcast Communications </u>. 29 Nov. 2007. 2 Sept. 2008 <http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/E/htmlE/edsullivans/edsullivans.htm>. </ref> <br/> Peter, Paul and Mary release "Moving" and "In the Wind" <ref> "Peter, Paul and Mary: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/peterpaulandmary/discography>. </ref>

*'''1964''': Bob Dylan releases "The Times They Are A'Changin'" and "Another Side of Bob Dylan" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref> <br/> During the week of April 4, The Beatles hold top five spots on ''Billboard's'' singles chart <ref> "Worldwide Charts." <u> The Beatles' Record Sales </u>. 2005. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/the-beatles-record-sales,-worldwide-charts/worldwide-charts.html>. </ref> <br/> Joan Baez releases "Joan Baez in San Francisco" <ref> "Joan Baez: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/joanbaez/discography>. </ref> <br/> Simon and Garfunkel release "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M." <ref> "Simon and Garfunkel: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/simonandgarfunkel/discography>. </ref>

*'''1965''': Bob Dylan releases "Bringing It All Back Home" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref>, his first recording with electric instruments <br/> Joan Baez launches "Farewell, Angelina" <ref> "Joan Baez: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/joanbaez/discography>. </ref> <br/> Pete Seeger hosts a television show, ''Rainbow Quest'', devoted to showcasing folk music <br/> Bob Dylan releases "Highway 61 Revisited" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref> <br/> Peter, Paul and Mary release "A Song Will Rise" and "See What Tomorrow Brings" <ref> "Peter, Paul and Mary: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/peterpaulandmary/discography>. </ref>

*'''1966''': Simon and Garfunkel's single ''Sounds of Silence'' reaches number one on the pop charts <ref> "Number One Hits: 1966". <u> The Menzies Era </u>. 2 Sept. 2008. 2 Sept. 2008 <http://www.menziesera.com/number_1_hits/1966.shtml>. </ref> <br/> Simon and Garfunkel release "Sounds of Silence" <br/> Simon and Garfunkel release "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme" <ref> "Simon and Garfunkel: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/simonandgarfunkel/discography>. </ref> <br/> Bob Dylan Releases "Blonde on Blonde" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref>

*'''1967''': Peter, Paul and Mary release "Album 1700" <ref> "Peter, Paul and Mary: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/peterpaulandmary/discography>. </ref>

*'''1968''': Simon and Garfunkel release the soundtrack to ''The Graduate'' <br/> Simon and Garfunkel release "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M." <ref> "Simon and Garfunkel: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/simonandgarfunkel/discography>. </ref> <br/> 

*'''1969''': Peter, Paul and Mary release "Peter, Paul and Mommy" <ref> "Peter, Paul and Mary: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/peterpaulandmary/discography>. </ref>

*'''1970''': Simon and Garfunkel release their last album as a duo, "Bridge Over Troubled Water" <ref> "Simon and Garfunkel: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/simonandgarfunkel/discography>. </ref> <br/> Bob Dylan releases "New Morning" <ref> "Bob Dylan: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobdylan/discography>. </ref>

=== Significant People: ===

====Bob Dylan====
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After a high-school stint in a rock & roll band in his home state of Minnesota, he grew fascinated with folk music and the coffeehouse protest scene. Dylan dreamt of going to Greenwich Village in New York, the "folkies' mecca" to follow in the footsteps of his idol, Woody Guthrie. <ref> Pascall, Jeremy. <u> The Illustrated History of Rock Music </u>. New York: Galahad Books, 1978. 132. </ref> In 1961, after dropping out of college, Dylan arrived in New York City, where he lived with folk musician Dave Van Ronk and his wife, Terri, who landed him his first paid gig. <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984. 23. </ref> Dylan described his early repertoire as "hard-core folk songs backed by incessantly loud strumming [...] There were a lot of better singers and better musicians around these places but there wasn't anybody close in nature to what I was doing." <ref> Dylan, Bob. <u> Chronicles </u>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004. 17. </ref> He was signed to Columbia records and released his first album in 1962. <ref> Pascall, Jeremy. <u> The Illustrated History of Rock Music </u>. New York: Galahad Books, 1978. 132. </ref>  Unfazed by the limited success of ''Bob Dylan'', he recorded another album--one that marked his emergence as a writer. ''The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'' provided the growing protest movement with a youthful anthem (''Blowin' In The Wind''), a pacifistic warning "against Eisenhower's military-industrial complex" (''Masters of War'') <ref> Gundersen, Edna. "Dylan is positively on top of his game." <u> USA Today </u>. 10 Sept. 2001. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2001-09-10-bob-dylan.htm#more>. </ref>, a love song (''Girl Of The North Country''), a heartbroken tale of rejection (''Don't Think Twice, It's All Right''), and an eerie premonition (''A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall''). <ref> Pascall, Jeremy. <u> The Illustrated History of Rock Music </u>. New York: Galahad Books, 1978. 133. </ref> The album marked the beginning of a new era in popular folk music: a liberation from formalized rigidity, while still maintaining a strong connection with tradition. The music appealed to rebellious liberal leftist intellectuals who were striving to make sense of the chaos that raged throughout their world at the time. For the youthful generation that was "questioning with unparalleled ferocity that supposed purity of their authority figures [...] Dylan became a role model, a mouthpiece, a poet laureate. Suddenly poetry became commercial" and captured the sympathy of a new, educated generation ready to break away from the established society. <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984. 25. </ref>

====Simon and Garfunkel====
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Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel first began their collaborative career as Tom and Jerry with the moderately successful single ''Hey, Schoolgirl'' in 1957, a track that brought the teenagers onto American Bandstand. <ref> "AB-87: Tom & Jerry (Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel)". <u> American Bandstand </u>. 2008. 28 Aug. 2008 <http://www.tv.com/american-bandstand/ab-87-tom-and-jerry-paul-simon-and-art-garfunkel/episode/93469/summary.html>. </ref> In the early 60's, however, Simon began composing songs that gravitated towards the sounds and messages of the burgeoning folk genre. The resultant album, ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'', contained three songs that "reeked of folk music": "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dreams", "You Can Tell the World", "He Was My Brother", and a cover of Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'". <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When The Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1984. 67. </ref> The album highlighted the sentiments of the younger, restless, rebellious generation--idealistic pacifistic dreams that "the world had all agreed to put an end to war" <ref> Simon and Garfunkel. <u> Last Night I Had the Strangest Dreams </u>. Rec. Mar. 1964. Tom Wilson, 1964. </ref> and frustration with the repression of those who "hated what was wrong [and] died so [their] brothers could be free". <ref> Simon and Garfunkel. <u> He Was My Brother </u>. Rec. Mar. 1964. Tom Wilson, 1964. </ref> Simon and Garfunkel grew more popular upon release of their album ''Sounds of Silence''. The title track, along with various other songs on the album, captivated the youth striving to make sense of the world around them--the contradiction between the false facade of peace and conformity imposed during the 1950's and the political chaos and racial turmoil openly unfolding. The album dealt with the alienation of "most young white middle-class Americans at the turning point of the sixties" . <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When The Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1984. 70. </ref> Simon and Garfunkel captured the growing sense of youthful dissatisfaction and rebellion against the silent mass conformity of the 1950's that "no one dared disturb." <ref> Simon and Garfunkel. <u> The Sounds of Silence </u>. Rec. 10 Mar. 1964. Tom Wilson, 1964. </ref>

====Peter, Paul and Mary====
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|align="center" |''It's the hammer of Justice; it's the bell of Freedom''
''It's the song about Love between my brothers and sisters'' <ref>www.amazon.com</ref>
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Though considered by some to be a "commercial folk act", Peter, Paul and Mary arguably became one of the most well-known folk-singing groups of the 1960's <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 21. </ref> The group was created and managed by Albert Grossman and began with a debut in Greenwich Village. <ref> "Peter, Paul, and Mary." <u> Folk Music Archives </u>. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://folkmusicarchives.org/ppm.htm>. </ref> Throughout their albums, they maintained a consistent style: complex harmonies accompanying traditional finger-style folk guitar, with lyrics that emphasize love, respect, freedom, human rights, and unity. The bittersweet idealism of Peter, Paul and Mary corresponds with the messages propagated at the turn of the decade by President Kennedy. <blockquote> Because all men are brothers wherever men may be/ One Union shall unite us forever proud and free/ No tyrant shall defeat us, no nation strike us down/ All men who toil shall greet us the whole wide world around. <ref> Peter, Paul and Mary. <u> Because All Men Are Brothers </u>. Rec. 1964. Albert Grossman, 1964. </ref> <br/> -Peter, Paul and Mary <br/> ''Because All Men Are Brothers'' <br/> <br/> Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty. <ref> Kennedy, John F. "Inaugural Address." Presidential Inauguration. Washington, D.C. 20 Jan. 1961. </ref> <br/> -John F. Kennedy  </blockquote>

====Pete Seeger====
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Pete Seeger began influencing American folk music in the early 1950's. As a victim of the Hollywood Blacklist spurred by McCarthyism and Cold War national sentiments, his early career was hampered. However, at the turn of the decade, the shift in power to a younger group of leaders--exemplified by President Kennedy--and a growing rebellion against the strict conformity enforced in the 1950's enabled Seeger to re-emerge as a pioneer of protest folk music.  Though often recorded by other artists, Seeger wrote many songs that have now become folk standards: ''If I Had a Hammer'', ''Where Have All the Flowers Gone,'' ''Turn! Turn! Turn!'', and ''On Top of Old Smoky''. <ref> "Pete Seeger". <u> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum </u>. 1996. 29 August 2008 <http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/pete-seeger>. </ref>

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====Joan Baez====
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''Show me the ruins of the buildings once so tall'' <ref>http://www.barbaraarcher.com/</ref>
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Before beginning her career as a folk singer, Joan Baez was a prominent figure in the civil rights movement and "a favorite of the intelligentsia stationed in Cambridge and Berkeley". He career was launched by her sister at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival. She became one of the first of a new generation of folksingers to wrest control of the folk genre and use to help achieve social and political goals. <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 55. </ref> Baez emerged at the forefront of the folk revival of the 1960's, and she used her fame to introduce the American public to Bob Dylan (with whom she eventually became romantically involved). Baez' performance at the 1969 Woodstock music festival gave her a substantial podium from which she could promote her humanitarian and social goals and her political agenda. <ref> "1969 Woodstock Festival and Concert". <u> Woodstock </u>. 1996. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.woodstock69.com/>. </ref> Like most other folk musicians of the decade, Baez was committed to astute social critique of America, a "country where the bombs had to fall" as well as spreading a message of racial peace (as evidenced by her song, ''We Shall Overcome'') and political harmony. <ref> Baez, Joan. <u> There But For Fortune </u>. Rec. 1965. Mark Abramson, 1964. </ref>.

=== Outcomes/Long Term Effects on U.S. Culture: ===
As the 1960's dragged on and the promises made in the early years remained unfulfilled, the cultural and musical climate changed. The "hippie fringe got politicized, the black influence became profound and the streets seethed with incense and injustice". <ref> Pollock, Bruce. <u> When the Music Mattered: Rock in the 1960's </u>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983. 61. </ref> The idealism and hope of the early 1960's eventually turned to frustration as the old goals were proven to be nothing more than pipe dreams. The hippies grew older and eventually became the mainstream. The war in Vietnam was lost; the war for total racial equality was lost; the heroic musicians crumbled under the influence of heavy drugs. Folk music gradually faded from the cultural scene and was replaced by rock music.

==''' Rock and Roll''' ==

=== Origins and Goals ===
*Social unrest due to Vietnam War
*Need to challenge to the status quo enforced during the 1950's
*Unfulfilled promises from the Kennedy Administration
*Unstable foreign relations with left-over Cold War sentiments 
*Later in the era, experimentation in psychedelic drugs

=== Chronology: ===
*'''1962''': The Beach Boys (initially named “The Pendletones”) form in California and release their first album, “Surfin’ Safari/ Surfin’ U.S.A.” <ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>

*'''1963''': The Beach Boys release “Little Deuce Coupe/ All Summer Long” and Surfer Girl/ Shut Down Vol. 2” <ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>

*'''1964''': The British Invasion begins in the U.S. with the entry of The Beatles <ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beatles released “A Hard Day’s Night”<ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release “Summer Days (And Summer Nights” <ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>

*'''1965''': The Rolling Stones release their first album, “The Rolling Stones, Now!”<ref> "The Rolling Stones: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/therollingstones/discography>. </ref>, The Beatles released “Rubber Soul” and “Help!” <ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>

*'''1966''': The Rolling Stones release their drug-induced psychedelic album, “Their Satanic Majesties Request”<ref> "The Rolling Stones: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/therollingstones/discography>. </ref>, The Beatles released an equally drug-influenced album, “Revolver” <ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release “Pet Sounds”<ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>, The Who releases three albums: “A Quick One,” “My Generation: Deluxe Edition,” and “The Who Sings My Generation” <ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>

*'''1967''': The Beatles release smash-hit albums “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” and “Magical Mystery Tour”<ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release “Smiley Smile”<ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>, The Who releases “The Who Sells Out” <ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>, Jimi Hendrix releases his British Top 40 albums “Are You Experienced?” and “Axis: Bold As Love” <ref> "Jimi Hendrix: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jimihendrix/discography>. </ref>

*'''1968''': The Beatles release “The White Album”<ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release “Friends”<ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>, The Who releases “Magic Bus” <ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>, Hendrix releases “Electric Ladyland” <ref> "Jimi Hendrix: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jimihendrix/discography>. </ref>

*'''1969''': The Beatles release “Abbey Road,” the album whose title shares that of the Beatles’ famed recording studio in England<ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release an exceedingly unpopular album, “20/20”<ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>, The Who releases their wildly successful first rock opera, “Tommy” <ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>

*'''1970''': The Beatles release “Let It Be”<ref> "The Beatles: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/discography>. </ref>, The Beach Boys release “Sunflower”, Badfinger, protégé of Apple Records and Beatle Paul McCartney, releases albums “Magic Christian Music” and “No Dice” <ref> "Badfinger: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bandfinger/discography>. </ref>, Hendrix releases “Band of Gypsys” <ref> "Jimi Hendrix: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 31 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jimihendrix/discography>. </ref>

*'''1971''': The Beach Boys release “Surf’s Up”<ref> "The Beach Boys: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 30 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeachboys/discography>. </ref>, The Who releases “Meaty Beaty Big And Bouncy” and “Who’s Next”<ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>

*'''1972''': The Rolling Stones release “Exile on Main St.”<ref> "The Rolling Stones: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/therollingstones/discography>. </ref>

*'''1973''': The Who releases their second rock opera about the dispute between the English Mods and Rockers mixed with schizophrenia, “Quadrophenia”<ref> "The Who: Discography". <u> Rolling Stone </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thewho/discography>. </ref>

=== Significant People: ===

====The Beatles====
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr became instant legends in the U.S. during the 1960’s era of British Invasion. The band could do no wrong, it seemed, churning out Billboard Top 40 albums regularly. 
<ref> "The Beatles". <u> Billboard </u>. 2008. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=4057>. </ref> The Beatles indeed are a musical and social revolution unto themselves. Hundreds of thousands of teenaged girls both in the band’s home country of England and Stateside were infected with what was referred to as “Beatle Mania.” Appearing multiple times on American Television on the Ed Sullivan Show cemented the group’s place in American pop culture. <ref> <u>The Ed Sullivan Show</u>. 1 Sept. 2008 < http://www.tv.com/ed-sullivan-show/show/1156/summary.html>. </ref> The reaction to the four boys from Liverpool was unprecedented, and psychologists even went as far as to analyze the symptoms and causes of “Beatle Mania.” <ref> Davies, Evan. “Psychological Characteristics of Beatle Mania.” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1969), pp. 273-280 </ref> However, as the socio-political atmosphere of the United States changed during the tumultuous late 60’s, the Beatles’ music turned from clean-cut pop albums like “Hard Day’s Night” to the anti-war and drug-influenced later albums such as “Magical Mystery Tour.”

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|align="center" |http://www.photomusico.com/images/a1/the-beatles.jpg  
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|align="center" |''You say you want a revolution / Well you know / We all want to change the world''
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|align="center" |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87yq372R4Ts
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====The Rolling Stones====
Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Jones, Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts made up the band that once proclaimed itself the greatest band in the history of rock. Also a part of the British Invasion, the Rolling Stones gained popularity in Britain before crossing over into American popular culture. <ref> "The Rolling Stones". <u> Billboard </u>. 2008. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=5556>. </ref> The group’s edgier sound that would come to define classic rock differed greatly from that of their contemporary’s mellow, almost folk-pop crossover style. Mick Jagger as the frontman for the group served as an icon for the young generation of Americans yearning for a break away from the establishment. The effect the group had on children and young adults was so profound that the group was referenced positively in even the stodgiest of musical theory journals. <ref> Rapier, Martin. “Teachers and Teenagers.” <i>The Musical Times</i>, Vol. 105, No. 1462 (Dec., 1964), pp. 910-91. </ref> The Rolling Stones’ legacy as the perennial rock band was reinforced by their multiple platinum albums and the subsequent re-releases of “greatest hits” albums such as the 2002 compilation, “Forty Licks.” 
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|align="center" |http://i62.photobucket.com/albums/h101/rudolf55/The%20Rolling%20Stones/TheRollingStones_resize.jpg
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|align="center" |''War, children, it's just a shot away / It's just a shot away''
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|align="center" |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJMnES7WoT4&feature=related
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|align="center" |http://www.recordsale.de/cdpix/t/the_beach_boys-surfer_girl.jpg
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|align="center" |''If everybody had an ocean / Across the USA /'' 
''Then everybody'd be surfin' / Like Californ-i-a''
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|align="center" |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8SmoESEgKg 
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====The Beach Boys====
Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine formed the Beach Boys in California during the early 1960’s. What started out as a garage band group of three brothers and their cousin evolved into a veritable musical giant. <ref> "The Beach Boys". <u> Billboard </u>. 2008. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=4053>. </ref> The concept of California rock was unheard of before the advent of The Beach Boys and their tight tonal sound coupled with underlying soft rock of the ocean. The group’s first album and one of their major hits, “Surfin’ USA,” reached out to American teenagers across the country, not just in their home state. Their success was immediate and lasting. The group grew to be so popular that they eventually met up with The Beatles, a relationship that can be viewed in the lyrical and musical similarities between Brian Wilson’s single, “California Girls,” and The Beatles’ “Back in the USSR.” The Beach Boys were viewed as the All-American alternative to the British Invasion bands for some, a contention that helped the group’s popularity. The observation was made that tickets to see bands such as The Beach Boys were far more expensive than those for a major symphony orchestra in America. <ref>Friedenberg, Edgar Z. “The Generation Gap.” <i> Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>, Vol. 382, Protest in the Sixties (Mar., 1969), pp. 32-42. </ref> However, during the late 60’s and early 70’s, many of the Beach Boys got involved in the drug culture that was prevalent in California at the time. The music and the group suffered as a result.
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|align="center" |''And the world looks just the same ''
''/ And history ain't changed / ''
'''Cause the banners, they were all flown in the last war''
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|align="center" |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rp6-wG5LLqE
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====The Who====
Peter Townshend, Keith Moon, Roger Daltrey, and John Entwistle made up the band that appealed to a disillusioned generation of Mods and Rockers in England. The group, which was previously named “The Detours,” finally reached the U.S. in 1967 for their first concert tour. <ref> “The Story of The Who.” <u>The Who Online.</u> 30 Aug 2008. < http://www.thewho.com/index.php?module=history>. </ref> The group did well on tour, as did their highest reaching single, “I Can See For Miles,” which topped out at #9 on the American charts. The real beauty of a group like The Who was the not only the group’s electric on-stage presence during live performances, but the musical ingenuity Pete Townshend had and pursued. Exaggerated guitar strumming in the “Townshend windmill” fashion aside, his first rock opera, “Tommy,” was a smash hit in England. The album eventually ended up on London’s West End as a musical production. <ref> "The Who". <u> Billboard </u>. 2008. 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=6013>. </ref> The group’s performance at Woodstock further cemented their status as a legend of rock. 









<br/><br/>
====Jimi Hendrix====
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|align="center" |'' Purple haze all in my eyes, uhh / Don't know if its day or night'' 
''/ You got me blowin', blowin' my mind / Is it tomorrow, or just the end of time?''
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|align="center" |http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnFSaqFzSO8
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African American singer, songwriter, and legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix was the frontman for The Jimi Hendrix Experience, a band composed of Hendrix, drummer Mitch Mitchell, and bassist Noel Redding. The group formed and gained renown in London in 1966, but their big break came when the band moved back across the pond in June of 1967. The “Experience” was an overnight sensation. <ref> “Biography". <u> The Jimi Hendrix Experience </u>. 2008. 29 Aug. 2008 <http://www.jimi-hendrix.com/new_biography.html>. </ref>  Hendrix built his own recording studio, Electric Lady Studios, in New York City in 1968 where he recorded the two LP collection, “Electric Ladyland” with The Experience. Unfortunately, the band broke-up in 1969 just before Hendrix joined the Gypsy Sun & Rainbows in performing at Woodstock.  The Experience reformed in 1970 with Billy Cox replacing bassist Noel Redding and recorded the opening tracks of another two LP project, but Hendrix would not live to see the album released. Jimi Hendrix died in London on September 18, 1970 due to a drug overdose. <ref> "Hendrix, James Marshall ("Jimi"; "Jimmy";"Maurice James")."<i>The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives Thematic Series: The 1960s</i>. Ed. William L. O'Neill and Kenneth T. Jackson. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. </ref>

=== Outcomes/Long Term Effects on U.S. Culture: ===
The music of the 1960’s and early 1970’s reflected the troubled youth in the United States and abroad.  Everything from the 1964 Summer of Love with the Beatles to the often-times violent and out-of-control 1969 outdoor concert at Woodstock revealed a generation intent on shaking up the status quo. This era also saw the rise of the first group of true band fanatics. Modern inventions and their proliferation of American society such as the Television provided more effective mass-media advertising. A perfect example of this is the phenomenon known as “Beatle Mania.” Teenagers across the country watched on TV as the group landed in the U.S. and every move the band made since then. The music industry benefited from popular shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show which showcased and eventually brought fame to many musical groups like the Beatles. Popular rock and roll of the era continues to be popular under the umbrella of “Classic Rock,” and many of the anti-war songs composed and performed during the 60’s and 70’s reach out to those of the current generation who struggle against American involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan.  Most importantly, this movement effectively pushed for peace, equality, and love through music, the human language.

== References: ==
<references/>

== External links: ==
GOOD COVERAGE. LAYOUT MADE PROJECT EASY TO NAVIGATE. gOOD JOB ON FOLK MUSIC, BUT i HAVE TO ASK WHY DID YOU IGNORE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS? DID THE MUSIC DISCUSSED IN THIS PROJECT CROSS RACIAL AND ETHNIC LINES?