1. What are the common markers of material civilization?

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Common markers of a material civilization are cities, bronze technology, writing, great ceremonial buildings, temples, monumental art, hierarchies, and class divisions. All of the listed are sanctioned by some form of law, and held together by organized military force. The moral and religious signs were very different from civilization to civilization. Permanent cities were the start of everything. With permanent cities, specialization came, which led to bronze working. With permanent cities, ceremonial buildings and temples were built to serve the gods of the people. And eventually, the growing cities gained people, which eventually led to class divisions.

Extra Information- http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/ghgonline/projects/8FeaturesCivilization.pdf

Image-http://www.epistematica.com/2012/05/dhi-qar-university-and-heritage-project/ur-ziggurat/

-Lawrence Appel