4. The Sumerians were particularly vulnerable to outside attack. Explain why.
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The Sumerians were vulnerable to outside attack because of the artificial landscape they created. In order to sustain a city, the Sumerians had to create an elaborate irrigation system, which in turn needs to be in a relatively flat area like the plains. With no natural defenses, such as hills, it was hard for the Sumerians to defend against attacks coming from outside hills or the Zagros Mountains. In the combats between hill and plains people, the hill people usually win.
Picture: [1]
Sources:
Page 94 in the Manuel
