Difference between revisions of "History 8 Human Origins Concepts"

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Return to Main Page [[History 8]]
 
Return to Main Page [[History 8]]
  
Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with CF Manual and page number(s). Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. '''You may not use Wikipedia as a source.''' Please sign your entry.  
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Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with Manual and page number(s). Be sure to use Noodletools citation for external sources.  Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. Cite required external website using Chicago Advanced format. '''You may not use Wikipedia as a source.''' Please post answers on separate page and sign your entry.  
 
 
 
Concepts:
 
Concepts:
  
'''1. Reasons for rise of Australopithecines'''.
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[[1. Reasons for rise of Australopithecines]]
  
The australopithecines lived  around 5-6 million years age and disappeared in one million BC. The following reasons describe the rise of the australopithecines:
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[[2. Advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism]]
  
-Six million years ago, the jungles in Africa became to dried out and the forests shrunk. This caused both a crisis in food and habitat availability. Some primates were forced out onto the now open grassland. A large number of theses primates did not survive, however the ones who did devised and gained new techniques for survival.
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[[3. Australopithecus :lifestyle of Australopithecus]]
  
-As life in the savannah moved on, the australopithecines became equipped with natural defenses. They used their hands to hurl stones and sticks. Throughout the years, the australopithecines gained a substantial skeletal, which helped improve their stance. They also acquired an opposable thumb grip, which made it easier to grasp and throw things.  
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[[4. Reasons for extinction of Australopithecus]]
  
-The hip joints were modified, causing the legs to align with the backbone. The knees grew closer together to help bear the total weight of the body. The feet became more arched and the ankles became stronger. The big toe became more aligned with the other toes, allowing the feet to take the full weight of the body.  
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[[5. Characteristics of H. Habilis]]
  
link on more background information about the australopithecines: http://www.stanford.edu/~harryg/protected/chp18.htm
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[[6. Effects of Meat in diet]]
  
CF:Pages 20-21
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[[7. Sweating]]
  
-Grace Amandes
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[[8. Factors in Brain growth]]
  
'''2. Advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism.'''
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[[9. Problems with large brain/solution]]
  
'''3. Australopithecus :lifestyle of Australopithecus.'''
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[[10. Characteristics of H. ergaster]]
  
-The earliest Australopithecus, abundant in Africa, lived around five to six million years ago and disappeared from the earth around one million BC(CF 20-21). This species was the first of our pre-human ancestors to be discovered and there were many different types of this species, but was later rejected from the human family tree because of its small size brain(CF 20-21). The fossils of the first bipeds showed the huge number of anatomical changes from their ancestors. 
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[[11. Differences with H. erectus]]
  
-Not much is known about the lifestyle of Australopithecus because they left behind no artifacts such as tools(Australian Museum). However, we still know a bit about their lifestyle.  One of the clues that we have interpreted about their lifestyle is that on the savanna, much of the food is underground.  Hominids that had more dexterity were able to use some form of digging stick to access the food(CF 20-21). This suggests that they used some simple tools such as sticks or rocks, but they did not modify them, making it hard to identify them as tools this species used(Australian Museum).  We can also infer that they ate lots of coarse plant and vegetables by their large molars, ideal for grinding these types of food(CF 20-21). During the day, they stayed on the grasslands and lake-sides of Africa.  It also seems likely that they lived in small social groups of males and females(Australian Museum).  These are a few facts that we have been able to infer from fossils about the lifestyle and general information about the species Australopithecus.     
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[[12. Climate and its effects]]
  
Link with more information: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Australopithecus-afarensis/ 
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[[13. Glacial periods]]
(Australian Museum)
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CF: Pages 20-21
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[[14. Fire]]
  
-Grayson Christ
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[[15. Social development]]
  
'''4. Reasons for extinction of Australopithecus.'''
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[[16. H. heidelbergensis]]
  
-The Australopithecus went extinct around one million B.C.
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[[17. Physical Characteristics of Neanderthals]]
  
-Citations
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[[18. Neanderthal Tools]]
-"Reasons for Extinction." Origins. Manual for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Rosie Beniretto and Clay Elliot. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John's School, 2012. 21-21. Print.  
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-McHenry, Henry, IV. "Australopithecus." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://m.eb.com/topic/44115>.  
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[[19. Neanderthal Cultural life]]
  
By: Camille Dawson
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[[20. Neanderthal Mental development]]
  
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[[21. Characteristics of H. sapiens]]
  
'''5. Characteristics of H. Habilis'''
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[[22. H. sapiens Technology]]
  
The Homo Habilis species first emerged about 2.3 million years BC and ended about 1.5 million years BC. The following characteristics of a Homo Habilis are stated below.
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[[23.H. sapiens social organization]]
  
-The Homo Habilis species weighed around 110 pounds and had a height of four feet tall. The size of the Homo Habilis was rather not remarkable, but there brains size was. The brain of a Homo Habilis was 800 cc or 800 cubic centimeters, much larger than the previous brain size ranging from 440 cc to 650 cc held by the Australopithecus. This increase in brain size was about 50 percent.
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[[24. Cooperation and its Effects]]
  
-The Homo Habilis was also an Omnivore. An omnivore eats meat and plants, Omni meaning all and vore meaning to eat. Due to their relatively large brain size the Homo Habilis needed another source of food rather than plants and meat was perfect, but obtaining meat was not easy. Due to the fact that the Homo Habilis did not have the characteristics of a natural born killer he had to scavenge of off the remains of dead animals.
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[[25. H. sapiens Communication/Art]]
  
-Along with being an omnivore the Homo Habilis had a brain 50 percent larger than the previous Australopithecus. This allowed the Homo Habilis to adapt better to their environment by creating tools. Thus the name Handy Man became associated with the Homo Habilis.
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[[26.H. sapiens other advances]]
  
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[[27. Explain  the multiregional hypothesis]]
  
'''6. Effects of Meat in diet'''
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[[28. Explain the diffusionism/ Out of Africa hypothesis]]
  
'''7. Sweating'''
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[[29. H. Sapiens are the Only Hominid Left. Why?]]
  
Merriam-Webster’s dictionary states that sweating is to excrete moisture in visible quantities through the openings of the sweat glands.  There are over two and a half million sweat glands all over individual’s bodies. The most common areas to sweat are the palms, forehead, soles of the feet, and armpits. This is due to the fact that there is an abundance of sweat glands in those areas.  Sweat is made up of a mixture of 99% water and 1% salt and fat, and about one quart of liquid a day evaporates through the process of sweating.  When a person’s body becomes hot, they will begin the process of sweating, cooling the body. Also, when individuals are nervous or under tremendous pressure, they will begin to sweat. According to the textbook, the Homo habilis depended on sweating to cool them off when hunting large resting predators during the hottest part of the day.  It is amazing that humans sweat more than any other mammal even though their sweat glands are the same size as other them.
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[[30. H. sapiens  were able to settle in such diverse habitats. Give reasons and rationale.]]
 
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Works Cited:
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''Manuel page 23:'' 
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“Early Hominids.” Origins. Manuel for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Clay Elliot and Rosie Beniretto. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John’s School, 2012. 20-51. Print.
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''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary:'' 
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“Sweat.” Merriam-Webster. 2012. Merriam-Webster. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweat>.
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''Online Article:'' 
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“Sweating.” Penn Medicine. A. D. A. M., 2012. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000127&ptid=17>.
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'''''-Katie Malcolm'''''
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'''8. Factors in Brain growth'''
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'''9. Problems with large brain/solution'''
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-Problems:
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There was a need for higher intelligence for...
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    -the making of tools
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    -imagining these tools made out of stone
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    -creating languages
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    -makeing rules
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(Greater intelligence meant growth in brain size)
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The head grew to accommodate the new brain size and the pelvis became wider and if it became any wider then the hominid would not be able to fit through the        female birthing canal.
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-Solution:
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The bipedalism or brain growth would have to be sacrificed.
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http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/histoire_bleu04.html
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CF page 24
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Louisa Morgan
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'''10. Characteristics of H. ergaster'''
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'''11. differences with H. erectus'''
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'''12. Climate and its effects'''
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'''13. Glacial periods'''
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'''14. Fire'''
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'''15. Social development'''
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'''16. H. heidelbergensis'''
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'''17. Characteristics of Neandertal'''
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'''**18. Tools'''
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'''**19. Cultural life'''
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'''**20. Mental development'''
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'''21. Characteristics of H. sapiens'''
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'''**22. technology'''
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'''**23. blade and burin society '''
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'''**24. weapons'''
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'''**25. social organization'''
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'''**26. dispersed leadership'''
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'''**27. cooperation and its effects'''
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'''**28. communication/art'''
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'''**29. other advances'''
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'''30. Explain both the multiregional and  diffusionism/ Out of Africa hypotheses'''
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'''31. H. sapiens is the only hominid left. Why?'''
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'''32. H. sapiens  were able to settle in such diverse habitats. Give reasons and rationale.'''
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'''33. Id The Aurignacians'''
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'''34. ID Gravettians'''
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'''35.  ID Magdalenians'''
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'''36. ID Natufians'''
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Latest revision as of 13:33, 9 July 2015

Return to Main Page History 8

Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with Manual and page number(s). Be sure to use Noodletools citation for external sources. Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. Cite required external website using Chicago Advanced format. You may not use Wikipedia as a source. Please post answers on separate page and sign your entry.

Concepts:

1. Reasons for rise of Australopithecines

2. Advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism

3. Australopithecus :lifestyle of Australopithecus

4. Reasons for extinction of Australopithecus

5. Characteristics of H. Habilis

6. Effects of Meat in diet

7. Sweating

8. Factors in Brain growth

9. Problems with large brain/solution

10. Characteristics of H. ergaster

11. Differences with H. erectus

12. Climate and its effects

13. Glacial periods

14. Fire

15. Social development

16. H. heidelbergensis

17. Physical Characteristics of Neanderthals

18. Neanderthal Tools

19. Neanderthal Cultural life

20. Neanderthal Mental development

21. Characteristics of H. sapiens

22. H. sapiens Technology

23.H. sapiens social organization

24. Cooperation and its Effects

25. H. sapiens Communication/Art

26.H. sapiens other advances

27. Explain the multiregional hypothesis

28. Explain the diffusionism/ Out of Africa hypothesis

29. H. Sapiens are the Only Hominid Left. Why?

30. H. sapiens were able to settle in such diverse habitats. Give reasons and rationale.