|
|
| (169 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | Return to Main Page [[History 8]] | | Return to Main Page [[History 8]] |
| | | | |
| − | Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with CF Manual and page number(s). Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. '''You may not use Wikipedia as a source.''' Please sign your entry. | + | Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with Manual and page number(s). Be sure to use Noodletools citation for external sources. Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. Cite required external website using Chicago Advanced format. '''You may not use Wikipedia as a source.''' Please post answers on separate page and sign your entry. |
| | | | |
| | Concepts: | | Concepts: |
| | | | |
| − | '''1. Reasons for rise of Australopithecines'''.
| + | [[1. Reasons for rise of Australopithecines]] |
| | | | |
| − | The australopithecines lived around 5-6 million years age and disappeared in one million BC. The following reasons describe the rise of the australopithecines:
| + | [[2. Advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Six million years ago, the jungles in Africa became to dried out and the forests shrunk. This caused both a crisis in food and habitat availability. Some primates were forced out onto the now open grassland. A large number of theses primates did not survive, however the ones who did devised and gained new techniques for survival.
| + | [[3. Australopithecus :lifestyle of Australopithecus]] |
| | | | |
| − | -As life in the savannah moved on, the australopithecines became equipped with natural defenses. They used their hands to hurl stones and sticks. Throughout the years, the australopithecines gained a substantial skeletal, which helped improve their stance. They also acquired an opposable thumb grip, which made it easier to grasp and throw things.
| + | [[4. Reasons for extinction of Australopithecus]] |
| | | | |
| − | -The hip joints were modified, causing the legs to align with the backbone. The knees grew closer together to help bear the total weight of the body. The feet became more arched and the ankles became stronger. The big toe became more aligned with the other toes, allowing the feet to take the full weight of the body.
| + | [[5. Characteristics of H. Habilis]] |
| | | | |
| − | link on more background information about the australopithecines: http://www.stanford.edu/~harryg/protected/chp18.htm
| + | [[6. Effects of Meat in diet]] |
| | | | |
| − | CF:Pages 20-21
| + | [[7. Sweating]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Grace Amandes
| + | [[8. Factors in Brain growth]] |
| | | | |
| − | '''2. Advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism.'''
| + | [[9. Problems with large brain/solution]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Advantages include being able to throw well in order to ward off predators, and being able to carry multiple items in two hands, not just in one's mouth. Chimps have the ability to stand upright, but they use an abnormally large amount of energy to keep their balance. The way the human skeleton is constructed can save energy while gathering food and traveling around on foot, and this saved energy can go into growth and population. Humans evolved to be able to walk and run long distances and hunt meat, which are definitely advantages.
| + | [[10. Characteristics of H. ergaster]] |
| | | | |
| − | -At the same time, the disadvantages include speed: using four limbs to move is quite a bit more efficient. Bipeds are also plagued with pain in their backs, feet, and joints because the act of walking shifts muscles and bones in new ways and they have to absorb the shocks of striking the ground. Also, unfortunately, modern humans do not have stability, or the ability of grasping things with our feet.
| + | [[11. Differences with H. erectus]] |
| | | | |
| − | -While there are definitely both advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism, in my opinion the ability to stand upright is essential, for without it, humans wouldn't be able to dance, and the enjoyment of that art is critical to society, both future and past.
| + | [[12. Climate and its effects]] |
| | | | |
| − | Sources:
| + | [[13. Glacial periods]] |
| − | History Manual pg. 21
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | [[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/07/bipedal-body/ackerman-text/12]] | + | [[14. Fire]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Libby Carr
| + | [[15. Social development]] |
| | | | |
| − | '''3. Australopithecus :lifestyle of Australopithecus.'''
| + | [[16. H. heidelbergensis]] |
| | | | |
| − | -The earliest Australopithecus, abundant in Africa, lived around five to six million years ago and disappeared from the earth around one million BC(CF 20-21). This species was the first of our pre-human ancestors to be discovered and there were many different types of this species, but was later rejected from the human family tree because of its small size brain(CF 20-21). The fossils of the first bipeds showed the huge number of anatomical changes from their ancestors.
| + | [[17. Physical Characteristics of Neanderthals]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Not much is known about the lifestyle of Australopithecus because they left behind no artifacts such as tools(Australian Museum). However, we still know a bit about their lifestyle. One of the clues that we have interpreted about their lifestyle is that on the savanna, much of the food is underground. Hominids that had more dexterity were able to use some form of digging stick to access the food(CF 20-21). This suggests that they used some simple tools such as sticks or rocks, but they did not modify them, making it hard to identify them as tools this species used(Australian Museum). We can also infer that they ate lots of coarse plant and vegetables by their large molars, ideal for grinding these types of food(CF 20-21). During the day, they stayed on the grasslands and lake-sides of Africa. It also seems likely that they lived in small social groups of males and females(Australian Museum). These are a few facts that we have been able to infer from fossils about the lifestyle and general information about the species Australopithecus.
| + | [[18. Neanderthal Tools]] |
| | | | |
| − | Link with more information: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Australopithecus-afarensis/
| + | [[19. Neanderthal Cultural life]] |
| − | (Australian Museum)
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | CF: Pages 20-21
| + | [[20. Neanderthal Mental development]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Grayson Christ
| + | [[21. Characteristics of H. sapiens]] |
| | | | |
| − | '''4. Reasons for extinction of Australopithecus.'''
| + | [[22. H. sapiens Technology]] |
| | | | |
| − | -The Australopithecus went extinct around one million B.C.
| + | [[23.H. sapiens social organization]] |
| | | | |
| − | -Australopithecus, latin for southern ape, are ancestors of the modern humans. They existed in Africa with the Homo Habilis for about 800,000 years. While some species were growing in size and strength, the Australopithecus were becoming extinct because they couldn't adapt to the harsh society/life in the savannas of Africa. Even though they were bipedal, meaning they walked on two legs, they had very small brains which did not help them as a species. The gazelle, the orynx, the horse, and the early Homo overshadowed the Australopithecus and they slowly died out about one million B.C..
| + | [[24. Cooperation and its Effects]] |
| | | | |
| − | Works Cited:
| + | [[25. H. sapiens Communication/Art]] |
| | | | |
| − | "Reasons for Extinction." Origins. Manual for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Rosie Beniretto and Clay Elliot. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John's School, 2012. 21-21. Print.
| + | [[26.H. sapiens other advances]] |
| | | | |
| − | McHenry, Henry, IV. "Australopithecus." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://m.eb.com/topic/44115>.
| + | [[27. Explain the multiregional hypothesis]] |
| | | | |
| − | By: Camille Dawson
| + | [[28. Explain the diffusionism/ Out of Africa hypothesis]] |
| | | | |
| | + | [[29. H. Sapiens are the Only Hominid Left. Why?]] |
| | | | |
| − | '''5. Characteristics of H. Habilis'''
| + | [[30. H. sapiens were able to settle in such diverse habitats. Give reasons and rationale.]] |
| − | | + | |
| − | The ''Homo habilis'' species first emerged about 2.3 million years BC and ended about 1.5 million years BC. The following characteristics of a ''Homo habilis'' are stated below.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The ''Homo habilis'' weighed around 110 pounds and had a height of four feet tall. The size of the ''Homo habilis'' was rather not astonishing, but there brains size was incredibly large in comparison to the australopithecine. The brain of a ''Homo habilis'' was 800 cc or 800 cubic centimeters, much larger than the previous brain size ranging from 440 cc to 650 cc held by the Australopithecines. This increase in brain size was about 50 percent.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The ''Homo habilis'' also had a more rounded and larger skull to help hold the much larger brain. Also a forehead started to appear and facial projection was reduced. Along with that, the spinal cord was located in the center of the skull, allowing the the ''Homo habilis'' to stand straight up.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The jaw was smaller than previous species and the teeth were located in an arc like formation. Also teeth were smaller and less jagged than those of a predator but sharper than those of a herbivore, implying that the ''Homo habilis'' ate meat and plants.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The legs of the ''Homo habilis'' were relatively short, relating the ''Homo habilis'' to an ape like creature with the ability to walk on two feet. Also fingers were aligned so that gripping and throwing objects was easier.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The ''Homo habilis'' was also an Omnivore. An omnivore eats meat and plants, Omni meaning all and vore meaning to eat. The ''Homo habilis'' needed another source of food rather than plants to help power their much larger brain and meat was the only other option, but obtaining meat was not easy. Due to the fact that the ''Homo habilis'' did not have the characteristics of a natural born killer he had to scavenge of off the remains of dead animals.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -The ''Homo habilis'' also created tools to help with daily life. One tool is a knife like rock created by chipping away at a stone. This sharp tool and weapon allowed the ''Homo habilis'' to cut through tough tissues to reach the meat of a dead animal. This is an example of how the ''Homo habilis'' adapted to help survive in the harsh environment.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | sources
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | CF: Page 22
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Dorey, Fran (2009) ''Homo habilis''. Australian Museum:http://australianmuseum.net.au/Homo-habilis/
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | By: Gregory Estrera
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''6. Effects of Meat in diet'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''7. Sweating'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Merriam-Webster’s dictionary states that sweating is to excrete moisture in visible quantities through the openings of the sweat glands. There are over two and a half million sweat glands all over individual’s bodies. The most common areas to sweat are the palms, forehead, soles of the feet, and armpits. This is due to the fact that there is an abundance of sweat glands in those areas. Sweat is made up of a mixture of 99% water and 1% salt and fat, and about one quart of liquid a day evaporates through the process of sweating. When a person’s body becomes hot, they will begin the process of sweating, cooling the body. Also, when individuals are nervous or under tremendous pressure, they will begin to sweat. There are advantages and disadvantages of sweating. The disadvantage is that is causes you to loose some of the water in your body that you need, but an advantage is that sweat is able to cool down your body when doing very active things. According to the textbook, the Homo habilis depended on sweating to cool them off when hunting large resting predators during the hottest part of the day. It is amazing that humans sweat more than any other mammal even though their sweat glands are the same size as other them.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Works Cited:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''Manuel page 23:''
| + | |
| − | “Early Hominids.” Origins. Manuel for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations. Comp. Clay Elliot and Rosie Beniretto. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John’s School, 2012. 20-51. Print.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary:''
| + | |
| − | “Sweat.” Merriam-Webster. 2012. Merriam-Webster. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sweat>.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''Online Article:''
| + | |
| − | “Sweating.” Penn Medicine. A. D. A. M., 2012. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000127&ptid=17>.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''''-Katie Malcolm'''''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''8. Factors in Brain growth'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | There were many factors in brain growth of the Homo Habilis such as the need for more intelligence, an increase in protein in the diet, and a level of deftness that also served to increase brain size. Homo Habilis was a scavenger and a hunter. Scavenging and hunting requires more brain capacity than picking berries or eating grass. Homo Habilis was also a carnivore, also known as an animal that eats meat. Meat has an abundance of protein, which helps the brain grow. Lastly, when Homo Habilis began to make tools, they had a certain level of deftness. That level of deftness also helped Homo Habilis perform more complex tasks which, in turn, increased the brain size.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Source: History Manual pages 23 and 24
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -Jared Margolis
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''9. Problems with large brain/solution'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Problems:
| + | |
| − | There was a need for higher intelligence for...
| + | |
| − | *the making of tools
| + | |
| − | *imagining these tools made out of stone
| + | |
| − | *creating languages
| + | |
| − | *makeing rules
| + | |
| − | Greater intelligence meant growth in brain size)
| + | |
| − | The head grew to accommodate the new brain size and the pelvis became wider and if it became any wider then the hominid would not be able to fit through the emale birthing canal.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | -Solution:
| + | |
| − | The bipedalism or brain growth would have to be sacrificed.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/histoire_bleu04.html
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | CF page 24
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Louisa Morgan
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''10. Characteristics of H. ergaster'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''11. differences with H. erectus'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''12. Climate and its effects'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''13. Glacial periods'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The last ice age peaked around 16,000 BCE, and during that time, about one-third to one-quarter of land on Earth was under ice sheets. More land was covered in ice in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere consisted of more ocean than land.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Land changes that occurred during the glacial period included the islands of Indonesia connected together by the Sunda to form one united landmass, and a land bridge called Beringia joined Siberia and Alaska. Changes to the environment included the Antarctic ice sheet becoming thicker and spread north, sea level dropping to expose seabed, rainfall levels decreasing, and strong gusts of wind blowing dust, called loess, debris, and vegetation. Also, the vegetation didn't flourish while the Ice Age occurred because of the constant ice pressure and hard weather. The lush vegetation of different areas became arctic tundra and treeless steppe.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Although the climate was tough, ''H. ergaster'' survived and adapted to the changing surroundings and resources well. They learned hunt and make living shelter out of twigs. Because of their survival skills, they didn't go extinct during the Ice Age.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Information about glacial periods:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | When a glacial period is not taking place, the Earth is in a intermediary warm period called interglacials.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Interglacial periods have higher sea levels because the ice melted.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | This is a good link to more information about glaciers, glaciation, and glacial periods. Scroll down to "Glacial Ages" on that webpage for information about glacial periods. The author of this information is Prof. Stephen A. Nelson of Tulane University. <http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/glaciers.htm>.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Sources:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Nelson, Stephen A. "Glaciers and Glaciation." ''Tulane University.'' Tulane University, 27 Oct. 2003. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. <http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol111/glaciers.htm>.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | "Glacial Periods." ''Manual for Cultural Foundations of Ancient Civilizations.'' By Rosie Beniretto and Clay Elliott. Vol. 1. Houston: St. John's School, 2012. 26-27. Print.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''14. Fire'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''15. Social development'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''16. H. heidelbergensis'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''17. Characteristics of Neandertal'''
| + | |
| − | '''**18. Tools'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**19. Cultural life'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**20. Mental development'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''21. Characteristics of H. sapiens'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**22. technology'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**23. blade and burin society '''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**24. weapons'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**25. social organization'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**26. dispersed leadership'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**27. cooperation and its effects'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**28. communication/art'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''**29. other advances'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''30. Explain both the multiregional and diffusionism/ Out of Africa hypotheses'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''31. H. sapiens is the only hominid left. Why?'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''32. H. sapiens were able to settle in such diverse habitats. Give reasons and rationale.'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''33. Id The Aurignacians'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''34. ID Gravettians'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''35. ID Magdalenians'''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''36. ID Natufians'''
| + | |
Work must be supported with citation of source. Manual may be noted with Manual and page number(s). Be sure to use Noodletools citation for external sources. Any information from class notes may be cited as Class notes (date of lecture). Name of Video. Cite required external website using Chicago Advanced format. You may not use Wikipedia as a source. Please post answers on separate page and sign your entry.
